Masculinity
What does it take to be a man?
Concept of masculinity – describe the complexities of male social positions, identity and experience
Jackson Katz – the class structure and gender order produce ideas of masculinity which are stratified by socioeconomic class, racial and ethnic differences and social orientation
In a patriarchal culture, violent behaviour is considered masculine
Males are usually engaged with an ongoing process of creating and maintaining their own masculine identity
Males in contemporary advertisements
-Contemporary adverts usually contain dominant, violent and dangerous looking men
-Shows confidence, decisiveness, power etc
-How men use their bodies as instruments of power, dominance and control
-The male’s physical body provides the means of achieving and asserting “manhood”
-Signs of insecurities, as not being able to hold power would somehow make them less manly
-Historically, use of gender in advertising has stressed differences implicitly and even explicitly reconfirmed the “natural” dissimilarity of males and females
-By stressing gender differences through the media, it will continually reinforces the idea of what is masculine/feminine
-Using the image system, men are usually associated to violence (active) while women are usually associated with passivity
-Violent male icons would exploit consumers’ feelings by making them less manly
1) Violence as genetically programmed male behaviour
-Use of male icons or types from popular history
-Associate the product with manly needs and pursuits that have existed from the past
-Men’s aggressiveness and brutality and their dominance over women are biologically based
2) Use of military sports symbolism to enhance the masculine identification and appeal of product
- Military and sports: two key subsets in the symbolic image system of violent masculinity
-Features uniformed soldiers/players with their weapons/gears
-Military/sports actions promote leadership, respect and pride; visions of masculinities
-Providing a standard form of “manhood” for all classes
-The use of violent male athletes can also help sell products that are feminine based
-Will not lose their masculinity due to their violent nature
3) The association of muscularity with ideal masculinity
-The male body – the ideal male body
-Men regardless of class and race might feel insecure with their masculinity due to their socioeconomic position
-Their uncertainties on how to respond to the challenges of women in many areas of social relations
-But males continue to have an advantage over the females in the area of physical size and strength
-Besides the functional ability to defend and perform manual labor, muscles are also markers that separate men from each other and from women
-Size and strength are valued by men across class and racial boundaries
4) The equation of historic masculinity with violent masculinity
-The cultural power in constructing violent masculinity is not limited to the movies but also in advertising
-Violence often more glamorized than heroic and perpetuated overwhelmingly by males
IDEOLOGIES OF MASCULINITY (O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
• WE LIVE IN A PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY – LAW OF THE FATHER
• - LINEAGE (FATHER’S FAMILY NAME)
• - LEGAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS HAVE DEVELOPED AS MALE INSTITUTIONS
• MOST CULTURES HAVE PRIVILEGED MEN WITH GREATER RIGHTS THAN WOMEN.
• DOMINANT VALUES OF PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY ARE LINKED TO VALUES ENCOURAGED IN MEN AND MASCULINITY – WARFARE IS THE ULTIMATE PROBLEM-SOLVING DEVICE OF PATRIARCHY
MASCULINITY IN CRISIS
• - FEMINISM
• - GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENTS
GENDER: MEN v WOMEN
• - ESSENTIALLY (INEVITABLY) DIFFERENT IN THEIR BIOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL MAKE-UP, AND THAT THIS DETERMINES HOW THEY FEEL AND ACT (Essentialism)
• - GENDER AS PURELY A CONSEQUENCE OF HOW PEOPLE ARE SOCIALIZED. (Social Constructionism)
MASCULINITY IS NOT ONLY IN CRISIS BUT IS ALSO A PROBLEM FOR OUR SOCIETY.
• - MEN ARE SEXIST AND OPPRESS WOMEN
• - MEN TOO SUFFERED UNDER PATRIARCHY
MEDIA AND MASCULINITY (O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
MEN AND WOMEN TOGETHER
• MASCULINITY DEFINES ITSELF IN RELATION TO FEMININITY.
• POWER – KEY SIGNIFIER AND DEFINER OF MASCULINITY
• OVER WOMEN
• OVER MEN
• OVER ENVIRONMENT
• OVER THEMSELVES
MEN TOGETHER
THEMES: STRUGGLE AND FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN MALE BUDDIES
• MALE RIVALRY TURNS TO MALE FRIENDSHIP
• HEROES IN STORIES UNDERGO THE PROCESS OF TESTING INITIATING THEM INTO MASCULINITY
• AMERICAN BEAUTY – revels in moments of male aggression and male power, show how futile and destructive, to self and others, such masculinity is.
• Both a celebration and critique of masculinity.
Buddy Films – depicts intimacy between men in certain situations
• Validate male friendship but reject any homosexual possibilities
• Male bonding = male misogyny
• Critics argue that buddy films suggest strong love and erotic attraction between men
MEN AND FEELINGS
• - Rationality over feelings
• - Boys Don’t Cry
• - Anger and Aggression
MALE VIOLENCE
• - Destruction of Others
• - Self-Destruction
MEN IN FROCKS
• -BLURS NORMAL GENDER DEFINITIONS
• - HUMOROUS
• - TRANSGRESSIVE
GAY REPRESENTATIONS
• FILMS TENDED TO PATHOLOGISE GAY CHARACTERS AS SICK OR CRIMINAL
• UNHAPPY NARRATIVE RESOULUTIONS
• (1980s) GAY MEN AND WOMEN OPTIMISTIC RESOLUTIONS
MEN ADVERTISING COSMETICS
• MAKING MEN OBJECTS OF DESIRE
• STILL PROJECTS TRADITIONAL MASCULINITY AND VIRILITY
MALE PIN-UPS
• MALE BODY AS OBJECT OF DESIRE (SINCE MID 1970s)
• LINKED TO GAY CULTURE
• FUNNY OR SEXUAL
LET’S HEAR IT FROM THE BOYS
How men are not presented stereotypically?
IDEOLOGY OF FEMININITY(O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
TRADITIONAL
“IT STARTS WHEN YOU SINK IN HIS ARMS AND ENDS WITH YOUR ARMS IN HIS SINK”
(A FEMINIST, 1970)
SOFT PORN
WOMEN ARE ENCOURAGED TO TAKE ON THE TRADITIONALLY MALE PLEASURES OF PORNOGRAPHY
FOREGROUNDING AND CELEBRATION OF WOMEN’S SEXUALITY
SEXUAL POWER OVER MEN (J. WOOD)
• POSITIVE – acknowledges female sexuality
• NEGATIVE – reduces women to their sexuality – sex objects that denies women other forms of power. It devalues women who are not stereotypically sexy.
ACTIVE FEMALE SEXUALITY
TAKING SEXUAL PLEASURE IN OBJECTIFYING THE MAN
IF PEOPLE WERE SEXUALLY HAPPY, THESE ADS, WHICH SEEM TO BE OFFERING US SEXUAL SATISFACTION THROUGH PURCHASE OF GOODS, WOULD NOT WORK.
FASHION VICTIM
• - FASHION IS IN THE BLOOD OR UNDER YOUR SKIN
• IMAGE OF HARM
• PLASTIC SURGERY
• AUGMENTATION
• OTHER FORMS OF SELF-WOUNDING
AN ATTACK ON THE HEART OF FEMININITY
• ARE WOMEN PRIMARILY SEXUAL BEINGS RATHER THAN AS SOCIAL BEINGS?
• ARE WOMEN TAKEN ON A MALE PLEASURE THEREBY DEFINING PLEASURE IN MALE TERMS AND LEGITIMIZING THE PORNOGRAHY INDUSTRY?
Images of femininity
What makes you feminine?
- Possessing qualities or characteristics considered typical or appropriate to a woman
-Opposite of masculine
Women’s identities:
-Achieving the ideal image has become an obsession
-Beauty important in a male dominated culture
-Females with dominant characteristics are often considered undesirable
-Male culture has silenced women by categorising them
-Culture stereotypes women to fit into the beauty myth
-They fall in two categories – beauty without intelligence or intelligence without beauty
-Mass culture perpetuates the idea of the pretty-plain pairing
-There can be one winner and one loser
-Judith Butler in Gender Trouble referred to “women” as the subject of feminism
-Feminism is a doctrine or movement that advocates equal rights for women
Feminism
n The modern women’s movement emerged from the late 1950s onwards
n Involved the analysis and critique of how and why popular culture has represented women in an unfair, unjust and exploitative manner
n Looked at within the context of framework of gender inequality and oppression
3 strands of feminism
Liberal feminism
-Criticizes the unequal and exploitative employment and representation of women in the media and popular culture
-Advocates for equal opportunities
Radical feminism
-Sees the interests of men and women as being fundamentally different
-Regards patriarchy or the control and repression of women by men as the most crucial historical form of social division and oppression
-Argues for female separation
-Butler believed that studying women as “political representation” is complicated and controversial
-Representation serves as the operative term within a political process that seeks to extend visibility and legitimacy to women as political subjects
-Women are only recognized through power struggles
Socialist feminism
-Accepts the idea of patriarchy but incorporates it into an analysis of capitalism
-Argues that the emergence of a socialist society necessary to transform the relations between the genders
-Women are represented by equal rights – not putting them into an oppressed position
-Representation is the normative term which can either reveal or distort what is assumed to be true of women
-What that is supposedly being represented may or may not be true
-It is important to develop a theory that could adequately represent women
-Women often misrepresented and sometimes, not represented at all
-Feminism these days more liberal
-Looks at inequalities between the sexes as socially and culturally constructed phenomena
-Attempting to develop feminist analysis that involves both a less dismissive conception of the female audiences for popular culture, together with a theoretical framework which incorporates class, race, ethnicity and other important social divisions
Friday, September 19, 2008
Wednesday, September 17, 2008
Lectures 1 - 4
I re-edited the lectures. In this post, you can find lectures 1 til 4.
Hope this time you will find it useful.
Lecture 1
The “Media World”
“The world we live and the ways we live are now so heavily influenced and dominated by the media”
MediaFor indirect communication.
“Media” is the plural of “medium”.
“Media” refers to television, cinema, radio, video, photography, advertising, newspapers and magazines, music, computer games and the internet
Media texts: programmes, films, images, websites, etc., that are carried by these different forms of communication.
- Media have a wide-ranging influence over our experience and over public opinion.- It doesn’t just affect our attitudes but are a means of access to the knowledge on which many social activities depend.
- The media is a huge source of pleasure – studying the media will allow us to understand and appreciate the media through understanding how they work
- Media has a positive social power – are capable of sharing ideas across physical distances. In this capacity it is a truly democratic medium
How do the media work?
A) They make sense of the world for us
Representation: The media have become the place through which we receive most of our information about the world
Interpretation:Media gives us information and then explanations, ways of understanding the world we live in
Evaluation:Some issues and identities are devalued while others are praised. That gives a framework to judge the information that we receive
B) Media products construct and re-present reality
Media products are not the real world itself, they are re-presentations or constructions of the world
C) The media is just one of the ways by which we society makes sense of the world
The media combine with other forces of socialisation
Family, religious and education systems teach children how to understand and act in the world
The media generally act to reinforce values that are part of the whole society
D) The media are owned, controlled and created by certain groups who make sense of society on behalf of others
What “media” do to us?
Social Role
C – class
R – race
A – age
S – sex and sexual orientation
H – handicap
•MEDIA ARE TECHNOLOGICALLY DEVELOPED AND ECONOMICALLY PROFITABLE FORMS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION, HELD EITHER IN PUBLIC OR PRIVATE OWNERSHIP, WHICH CAN TRANSMIT INFORMATION AND ENTERTAINMENT ACROSS TIME AND SPACE TO LARGE GROUPS. (O’Shaugnessy & Stadler, 2002)
•CULTURE GERERALLY REFERS TO PATTERNS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY AND THE SYMBOLIC STRUCTURES THAT GIVE SUCH ACTIVITIES SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANCE. (Wikipedia, 2008)
•“THE WAY OF LIFE FOR AN ENTIRE SOCIETY“ (Raymond Williams)
•IT IS THE STRUCTURES AND PRACTICES, THROUGH WHICH A CULTURE PRODUCES AND REPRODUCES A PARTICULAR SOCIAL ORDER BY LEGITIMIZING CERTAIN VALUES, EXPECTATIONS, MEANINGS, AND PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR. - J. WOOD
•SOCIETY IS A GROUPING OF INDIVIDUALS CHARACTERIZED BY PATTERNS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THESE INDIVIDUALS THAT MAY HAVE DISTINCTIVE CULTURE AND INSTITUTIONS, OR, MORE BROADLY, AN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN WHICH A VARIED MULTITUDE OF PEOPLE OR PEOPLES ARE A PART. (WIKIPEDIA)
•SOCIETY IS THE ACTUAL ARRANGEMENT OF SOCIAL RELATIONS WHILE CULTURE IS MADE OF BELIEFS AND SYMBOLIC FORMS. (Clifford Geertz)Important existential Issues ON sOCIETY (Richard Jenkins)
•How humans think and exchange information
•Many phenomena cannot be reduced to individual behavior
•Collectives often endure beyond the lifespan of individual members.
•The human condition has always meant going beyond the evidence of our senses; every aspect of our lives is tied to the collective.
FEARS (O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
•POLITICAL USE OF THE MEDIA
•MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON MORALS
•MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON CULTURE
Lecture 2
CULTURAL STUDIESANDMEDIA CULTURE
CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY(O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
1.CHANGE AND CRISIS
2.INEQUALITY AND DIFFERENCE
3.MAINTAINING CONSENT IN WESTERN DEMOCRACIES
HOW THE MEDIA WORK(O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
THE MEDIA SHOW US WHAT THE WORLD IS LIKE; THEY MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD FOR US
.•MEDIA PRODUCTS DO NOT SHOW OR PRESENT THE REAL WORLD; THEY CONSTRUCT AND REPRESENT REALITY
•THE MEDIA ARE JUST ONE OF THE WAYS BY WHICH WE AND SOCIETY MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD, OR CONSTRUCT THE WORLD.THE MEDIA ARE OWNED, CONTROLLED, AND CREATED BY CERTAIN GROUPS WHO MAKE SENSE OF SOCIETY ON BEHALF OF OTHERS
THE NEED FOR POPULARITY
Lecture 3
Ideology and RaceIdeology and Race (Reference Book: O'Shaughnessy and Stadler)
Discourse
- In its simplest form ; the articulation, voicing or putting forward of a point of view
- Usually part of an exchange of ideas
- It is therefore a social process of constructing meaning
- Definition; collective discussion or interplay of meanings and ideas surrounding a particular subject
Foucault’s theory of discourse:
- Societies tend to bring together a range of voices, ideas and beliefs into overall discourses that offer ways of understanding the world (Fiske, 1987)
- Uses to examine how societies understand and make sense of sexuality, madness and criminality
- For Foucault, discourses are always linked to disciplinary power, they are a means of organising social control
What is Ideology? (O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
COMMON SENSE DEFINITION - IDEOLOGY - IS A SET OF DELIBERATELY FORMULATED, COHERENT, RATIONAL, USUALLY POLITICL IDEAS THAT IS USED AS A WAY OF DEFINING AND UNDERSTANDING HOW SOCIETY CAN BE ORGANIZED.
MORE USEFUL DEFINITION - IDEOLOGY IS A SET OF SOCIAL VALUES, BELIEFS, FEELINGS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS BY WHICH PEOPLE COLLECTIVELY MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD THEY LIVE IN.
- Mass media play a vital role in communicating and reinforcing
DOMINANT ideologies
- Ideologies are often not consciously thought out
- It becomes part of our “common sense”
- It is reinforcing power relations and social structures
DOMINANT IDEOLOGY(O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
- EACH SOCIETY HAS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY SHARED BY MAJORITY OF PEOPLE. (Althuser )
- DOMINANT IN NUMERICAL TERMS
- DOMINANT IN THE SENSE THAT IT TENDS TO SUPPORT THE INTERESTS OF THE DOMINANT, RULING GROUPS.
MECHANISMS OF IDEOLOGY(Althusser, 1977 in O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
- REPRESSIVE STATE APPARATUSES (RSAs)
- FORCE PEOPLE TO CONFORM TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY.
- USED DELIBERATELY, TO CONTROL, PUNISH, AND COERCE PEOPLE WHO ATTEMPT TO CHALLENGE THE SYSTEM.
- IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES (ISAs)
- WORK MORE LIKE HYNOPSIS, CONVINCING PEOPLE OR WINNING THEIR CONSENT TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY
- THE CHURCH, THE FAMILY, THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, THE MEDIA
Where do we find ideologies?
1) In language, texts and representations
2) Ideologies in material institutions and in our methodologies and practices.
3) In our heads and hearts
Race
- The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of dividing humans into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of characteristics(American Association of Physical Anthropologists).
- The most widely used human racial categories are based on visible traits, and self-identification. (Michael Bamshad and Steve Olson)
- "Pure races do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past." (AAPA)
Racialization
- A form of exclusionary practice
- It is dialectical process of signification to make sense of two meanings: Self and Others.
Racism
- Presumes the existence of decisions and processes which discriminate among people and also the existence of scarcity
- Racism functions as an ideology of inclusion and exclusionThe significance of colour both includes and excludes in the process of sorting people into resulting categories
- But at the same time it also appears as a less logical assembly of stereotypes, images, attributions and explanations which are constructed and employed to negotiate everyday life
Lecture 4
ETHNICITY AND MULTICULTURALISM
What is ETHNICITY? (britannica online)
• Ethnicity refers to the identification of a group based on a perceived cultural distinctiveness that makes the group into a “people.”
• A descriptive label for a group, implicitly defined in terms of racial or national characteristics, where the main emphasis falls on cultural practices and beliefs
• Can be usefully applied to minorities which either have been set apart or have desired separation according to distinct cultural attitudes and traditions
• The concept can only be applied to nation groups when located abroad and do not constitute a part of the ruling elite
• Do not refer to ethnic majorities
• Language
• Music
• Values
• Art
• Styles
• Literature
• Family Life
• Religion
• Ritual
• Food
• Naming
• Public Life
• Material Culture
What is RACE? (britannica online)
• Race refers to the perceived unique common physical and biogenetic characteristics of a population.
What is MINORITY GROUP? (britannica online)
• Minority Group is a group whose unique cultural characteristics are perceived to be different from those characterizing the dominant groups in society.
CATEGORIES OF M.G (britannica online)
• Ethnicity
• Race
• Gender
• Sexual Orientation
Note:
Ethnicity, Race, and Minority Groups are social and cultural constructs
What is MULTICULTURALISM? (wikipedia)
- Multiculturalism generally refers to a defacto state of racial, cultural, and ethnic diversity within the demographics of a specified place.
- Advocates a society that extends equitable status to groups.
- Cultural Pluralism or Plural Society
- Is best understood as a perspective or a way of viewing human life
• 3 central insights of multiculturalism
1) Human beings are culturally embedded in the sense that they grow up and live within a culturally structured world
• Deeply shaped by the culture and belief systems surrounding us
2) Different cultures represent different systems of meanings and visions of the good life
• Need other cultures to help you understand your culture even better
• No cultures are worthless
3) Every culture is internally plural and reflects a continuing conversation between its different traditions and strands of thought
• Every culture’s identity is fluid and open
- From a multiculturalist perspective:
• Nothing can represent the full truth of human life
• Any political doctrine or ideology represent a particular vision of the good life, and is necessarily narrow and practical
• Political doctrines are ways of structuring political life, not offering a comprehensive philosophy of life
• The good society cherishes the diversity and encourages a creative dialogue between its different cultures and their moral visions
• Society must respect its members rights so long as they meet the consensually derived conditions of the good life
• A multicultural society cannot be stable and long lasting without developing a common sense belonging among its citizens
• The sense of belonging cannot be ethnic – must be based on shared values
Societal Trends and Individual Effects (Portrayal of Culture in Films)
- Distortions of Reality – mislead audiences about historic facts.
• It is extended even to non-fictional movies
• D.W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915)- it glorified Ku Klux Klan
- Violence – viewers imitate what they see in movies
• Scorsese’s Taxi Driver accordingly inspired the attack on Pres. Reagan.
• Disney’s The Program recalled all prints to delete scenes.
- Stereotyping – has treated a large number of female characters as bubble-headed. However, these films accorded their heroines more respect than films made in the supposedly liberated 1960s and 1970s.
Hope this time you will find it useful.
Lecture 1
The “Media World”
“The world we live and the ways we live are now so heavily influenced and dominated by the media”
MediaFor indirect communication.
“Media” is the plural of “medium”.
“Media” refers to television, cinema, radio, video, photography, advertising, newspapers and magazines, music, computer games and the internet
Media texts: programmes, films, images, websites, etc., that are carried by these different forms of communication.
- Media have a wide-ranging influence over our experience and over public opinion.- It doesn’t just affect our attitudes but are a means of access to the knowledge on which many social activities depend.
- The media is a huge source of pleasure – studying the media will allow us to understand and appreciate the media through understanding how they work
- Media has a positive social power – are capable of sharing ideas across physical distances. In this capacity it is a truly democratic medium
How do the media work?
A) They make sense of the world for us
Representation: The media have become the place through which we receive most of our information about the world
Interpretation:Media gives us information and then explanations, ways of understanding the world we live in
Evaluation:Some issues and identities are devalued while others are praised. That gives a framework to judge the information that we receive
B) Media products construct and re-present reality
Media products are not the real world itself, they are re-presentations or constructions of the world
C) The media is just one of the ways by which we society makes sense of the world
The media combine with other forces of socialisation
Family, religious and education systems teach children how to understand and act in the world
The media generally act to reinforce values that are part of the whole society
D) The media are owned, controlled and created by certain groups who make sense of society on behalf of others
What “media” do to us?
Social Role
C – class
R – race
A – age
S – sex and sexual orientation
H – handicap
•MEDIA ARE TECHNOLOGICALLY DEVELOPED AND ECONOMICALLY PROFITABLE FORMS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION, HELD EITHER IN PUBLIC OR PRIVATE OWNERSHIP, WHICH CAN TRANSMIT INFORMATION AND ENTERTAINMENT ACROSS TIME AND SPACE TO LARGE GROUPS. (O’Shaugnessy & Stadler, 2002)
•CULTURE GERERALLY REFERS TO PATTERNS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY AND THE SYMBOLIC STRUCTURES THAT GIVE SUCH ACTIVITIES SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANCE. (Wikipedia, 2008)
•“THE WAY OF LIFE FOR AN ENTIRE SOCIETY“ (Raymond Williams)
•IT IS THE STRUCTURES AND PRACTICES, THROUGH WHICH A CULTURE PRODUCES AND REPRODUCES A PARTICULAR SOCIAL ORDER BY LEGITIMIZING CERTAIN VALUES, EXPECTATIONS, MEANINGS, AND PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR. - J. WOOD
•SOCIETY IS A GROUPING OF INDIVIDUALS CHARACTERIZED BY PATTERNS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THESE INDIVIDUALS THAT MAY HAVE DISTINCTIVE CULTURE AND INSTITUTIONS, OR, MORE BROADLY, AN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN WHICH A VARIED MULTITUDE OF PEOPLE OR PEOPLES ARE A PART. (WIKIPEDIA)
•SOCIETY IS THE ACTUAL ARRANGEMENT OF SOCIAL RELATIONS WHILE CULTURE IS MADE OF BELIEFS AND SYMBOLIC FORMS. (Clifford Geertz)Important existential Issues ON sOCIETY (Richard Jenkins)
•How humans think and exchange information
•Many phenomena cannot be reduced to individual behavior
•Collectives often endure beyond the lifespan of individual members.
•The human condition has always meant going beyond the evidence of our senses; every aspect of our lives is tied to the collective.
FEARS (O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
•POLITICAL USE OF THE MEDIA
•MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON MORALS
•MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON CULTURE
Lecture 2
CULTURAL STUDIESANDMEDIA CULTURE
CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY(O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
1.CHANGE AND CRISIS
2.INEQUALITY AND DIFFERENCE
3.MAINTAINING CONSENT IN WESTERN DEMOCRACIES
HOW THE MEDIA WORK(O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
THE MEDIA SHOW US WHAT THE WORLD IS LIKE; THEY MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD FOR US
.•MEDIA PRODUCTS DO NOT SHOW OR PRESENT THE REAL WORLD; THEY CONSTRUCT AND REPRESENT REALITY
•THE MEDIA ARE JUST ONE OF THE WAYS BY WHICH WE AND SOCIETY MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD, OR CONSTRUCT THE WORLD.THE MEDIA ARE OWNED, CONTROLLED, AND CREATED BY CERTAIN GROUPS WHO MAKE SENSE OF SOCIETY ON BEHALF OF OTHERS
THE NEED FOR POPULARITY
Lecture 3
Ideology and RaceIdeology and Race (Reference Book: O'Shaughnessy and Stadler)
Discourse
- In its simplest form ; the articulation, voicing or putting forward of a point of view
- Usually part of an exchange of ideas
- It is therefore a social process of constructing meaning
- Definition; collective discussion or interplay of meanings and ideas surrounding a particular subject
Foucault’s theory of discourse:
- Societies tend to bring together a range of voices, ideas and beliefs into overall discourses that offer ways of understanding the world (Fiske, 1987)
- Uses to examine how societies understand and make sense of sexuality, madness and criminality
- For Foucault, discourses are always linked to disciplinary power, they are a means of organising social control
What is Ideology? (O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
COMMON SENSE DEFINITION - IDEOLOGY - IS A SET OF DELIBERATELY FORMULATED, COHERENT, RATIONAL, USUALLY POLITICL IDEAS THAT IS USED AS A WAY OF DEFINING AND UNDERSTANDING HOW SOCIETY CAN BE ORGANIZED.
MORE USEFUL DEFINITION - IDEOLOGY IS A SET OF SOCIAL VALUES, BELIEFS, FEELINGS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS BY WHICH PEOPLE COLLECTIVELY MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD THEY LIVE IN.
- Mass media play a vital role in communicating and reinforcing
DOMINANT ideologies
- Ideologies are often not consciously thought out
- It becomes part of our “common sense”
- It is reinforcing power relations and social structures
DOMINANT IDEOLOGY(O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
- EACH SOCIETY HAS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY SHARED BY MAJORITY OF PEOPLE. (Althuser )
- DOMINANT IN NUMERICAL TERMS
- DOMINANT IN THE SENSE THAT IT TENDS TO SUPPORT THE INTERESTS OF THE DOMINANT, RULING GROUPS.
MECHANISMS OF IDEOLOGY(Althusser, 1977 in O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
- REPRESSIVE STATE APPARATUSES (RSAs)
- FORCE PEOPLE TO CONFORM TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY.
- USED DELIBERATELY, TO CONTROL, PUNISH, AND COERCE PEOPLE WHO ATTEMPT TO CHALLENGE THE SYSTEM.
- IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES (ISAs)
- WORK MORE LIKE HYNOPSIS, CONVINCING PEOPLE OR WINNING THEIR CONSENT TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY
- THE CHURCH, THE FAMILY, THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, THE MEDIA
Where do we find ideologies?
1) In language, texts and representations
2) Ideologies in material institutions and in our methodologies and practices.
3) In our heads and hearts
Race
- The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of dividing humans into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of characteristics(American Association of Physical Anthropologists).
- The most widely used human racial categories are based on visible traits, and self-identification. (Michael Bamshad and Steve Olson)
- "Pure races do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past." (AAPA)
Racialization
- A form of exclusionary practice
- It is dialectical process of signification to make sense of two meanings: Self and Others.
Racism
- Presumes the existence of decisions and processes which discriminate among people and also the existence of scarcity
- Racism functions as an ideology of inclusion and exclusionThe significance of colour both includes and excludes in the process of sorting people into resulting categories
- But at the same time it also appears as a less logical assembly of stereotypes, images, attributions and explanations which are constructed and employed to negotiate everyday life
Lecture 4
ETHNICITY AND MULTICULTURALISM
What is ETHNICITY? (britannica online)
• Ethnicity refers to the identification of a group based on a perceived cultural distinctiveness that makes the group into a “people.”
• A descriptive label for a group, implicitly defined in terms of racial or national characteristics, where the main emphasis falls on cultural practices and beliefs
• Can be usefully applied to minorities which either have been set apart or have desired separation according to distinct cultural attitudes and traditions
• The concept can only be applied to nation groups when located abroad and do not constitute a part of the ruling elite
• Do not refer to ethnic majorities
• Language
• Music
• Values
• Art
• Styles
• Literature
• Family Life
• Religion
• Ritual
• Food
• Naming
• Public Life
• Material Culture
What is RACE? (britannica online)
• Race refers to the perceived unique common physical and biogenetic characteristics of a population.
What is MINORITY GROUP? (britannica online)
• Minority Group is a group whose unique cultural characteristics are perceived to be different from those characterizing the dominant groups in society.
CATEGORIES OF M.G (britannica online)
• Ethnicity
• Race
• Gender
• Sexual Orientation
Note:
Ethnicity, Race, and Minority Groups are social and cultural constructs
What is MULTICULTURALISM? (wikipedia)
- Multiculturalism generally refers to a defacto state of racial, cultural, and ethnic diversity within the demographics of a specified place.
- Advocates a society that extends equitable status to groups.
- Cultural Pluralism or Plural Society
- Is best understood as a perspective or a way of viewing human life
• 3 central insights of multiculturalism
1) Human beings are culturally embedded in the sense that they grow up and live within a culturally structured world
• Deeply shaped by the culture and belief systems surrounding us
2) Different cultures represent different systems of meanings and visions of the good life
• Need other cultures to help you understand your culture even better
• No cultures are worthless
3) Every culture is internally plural and reflects a continuing conversation between its different traditions and strands of thought
• Every culture’s identity is fluid and open
- From a multiculturalist perspective:
• Nothing can represent the full truth of human life
• Any political doctrine or ideology represent a particular vision of the good life, and is necessarily narrow and practical
• Political doctrines are ways of structuring political life, not offering a comprehensive philosophy of life
• The good society cherishes the diversity and encourages a creative dialogue between its different cultures and their moral visions
• Society must respect its members rights so long as they meet the consensually derived conditions of the good life
• A multicultural society cannot be stable and long lasting without developing a common sense belonging among its citizens
• The sense of belonging cannot be ethnic – must be based on shared values
Societal Trends and Individual Effects (Portrayal of Culture in Films)
- Distortions of Reality – mislead audiences about historic facts.
• It is extended even to non-fictional movies
• D.W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915)- it glorified Ku Klux Klan
- Violence – viewers imitate what they see in movies
• Scorsese’s Taxi Driver accordingly inspired the attack on Pres. Reagan.
• Disney’s The Program recalled all prints to delete scenes.
- Stereotyping – has treated a large number of female characters as bubble-headed. However, these films accorded their heroines more respect than films made in the supposedly liberated 1960s and 1970s.
Lecture 4 - Ethnicity and Multiculturalism
ETHNICITY AND MULTICULTURALISM
What is ETHNICITY? (britannica online)
• Ethnicity refers to the identification of a group based on a perceived cultural distinctiveness that makes the group into a “people.”
• A descriptive label for a group, implicitly defined in terms of racial or national characteristics, where the main emphasis falls on cultural practices and beliefs
• Can be usefully applied to minorities which either have been set apart or have desired separation according to distinct cultural attitudes and traditions
• The concept can only be applied to nation groups when located abroad and do not constitute a part of the ruling elite
• Do not refer to ethnic majorities
• Language
• Music
• Values
• Art
• Styles
• Literature
• Family Life
• Religion
• Ritual
• Food
• Naming
• Public Life
• Material Culture
What is RACE? (britannica online)
• Race refers to the perceived unique common physical and biogenetic characteristics of a population.
What is MINORITY GROUP? (britannica online)
• Minority Group is a group whose unique cultural characteristics are perceived to be different from those characterizing the dominant groups in society.
CATEGORIES OF M.G (britannica online)
• Ethnicity
• Race
• Gender
• Sexual Orientation
Note:
Ethnicity, Race, and Minority Groups are social and cultural constructs
What is MULTICULTURALISM? (wikipedia)
- Multiculturalism generally refers to a defacto state of racial, cultural, and ethnic diversity within the demographics of a specified place.
- Advocates a society that extends equitable status to groups.
- Cultural Pluralism or Plural Society
- Is best understood as a perspective or a way of viewing human life
• 3 central insights of multiculturalism
1) Human beings are culturally embedded in the sense that they grow up and live within a culturally structured world
• Deeply shaped by the culture and belief systems surrounding us
2) Different cultures represent different systems of meanings and visions of the good life
• Need other cultures to help you understand your culture even better
• No cultures are worthless
3) Every culture is internally plural and reflects a continuing conversation between its different traditions and strands of thought
• Every culture’s identity is fluid and open
- From a multiculturalist perspective:
• Nothing can represent the full truth of human life
• Any political doctrine or ideology represent a particular vision of the good life, and is necessarily narrow and practical
• Political doctrines are ways of structuring political life, not offering a comprehensive philosophy of life
• The good society cherishes the diversity and encourages a creative dialogue between its different cultures and their moral visions
• Society must respect its members rights so long as they meet the consensually derived conditions of the good life
• A multicultural society cannot be stable and long lasting without developing a common sense belonging among its citizens
• The sense of belonging cannot be ethnic – must be based on shared values
Societal Trends and Individual Effects (Portrayal of Culture in Films)
- Distortions of Reality – mislead audiences about historic facts.
• It is extended even to non-fictional movies
• D.W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915)- it glorified Ku Klux Klan
- Violence – viewers imitate what they see in movies
• Scorsese’s Taxi Driver accordingly inspired the attack on Pres. Reagan.
• Disney’s The Program recalled all prints to delete scenes.
- Stereotyping – has treated a large number of female characters as bubble-headed. However, these films accorded their heroines more respect than films made in the supposedly liberated 1960s and 1970s.
What is ETHNICITY? (britannica online)
• Ethnicity refers to the identification of a group based on a perceived cultural distinctiveness that makes the group into a “people.”
• A descriptive label for a group, implicitly defined in terms of racial or national characteristics, where the main emphasis falls on cultural practices and beliefs
• Can be usefully applied to minorities which either have been set apart or have desired separation according to distinct cultural attitudes and traditions
• The concept can only be applied to nation groups when located abroad and do not constitute a part of the ruling elite
• Do not refer to ethnic majorities
• Language
• Music
• Values
• Art
• Styles
• Literature
• Family Life
• Religion
• Ritual
• Food
• Naming
• Public Life
• Material Culture
What is RACE? (britannica online)
• Race refers to the perceived unique common physical and biogenetic characteristics of a population.
What is MINORITY GROUP? (britannica online)
• Minority Group is a group whose unique cultural characteristics are perceived to be different from those characterizing the dominant groups in society.
CATEGORIES OF M.G (britannica online)
• Ethnicity
• Race
• Gender
• Sexual Orientation
Note:
Ethnicity, Race, and Minority Groups are social and cultural constructs
What is MULTICULTURALISM? (wikipedia)
- Multiculturalism generally refers to a defacto state of racial, cultural, and ethnic diversity within the demographics of a specified place.
- Advocates a society that extends equitable status to groups.
- Cultural Pluralism or Plural Society
- Is best understood as a perspective or a way of viewing human life
• 3 central insights of multiculturalism
1) Human beings are culturally embedded in the sense that they grow up and live within a culturally structured world
• Deeply shaped by the culture and belief systems surrounding us
2) Different cultures represent different systems of meanings and visions of the good life
• Need other cultures to help you understand your culture even better
• No cultures are worthless
3) Every culture is internally plural and reflects a continuing conversation between its different traditions and strands of thought
• Every culture’s identity is fluid and open
- From a multiculturalist perspective:
• Nothing can represent the full truth of human life
• Any political doctrine or ideology represent a particular vision of the good life, and is necessarily narrow and practical
• Political doctrines are ways of structuring political life, not offering a comprehensive philosophy of life
• The good society cherishes the diversity and encourages a creative dialogue between its different cultures and their moral visions
• Society must respect its members rights so long as they meet the consensually derived conditions of the good life
• A multicultural society cannot be stable and long lasting without developing a common sense belonging among its citizens
• The sense of belonging cannot be ethnic – must be based on shared values
Societal Trends and Individual Effects (Portrayal of Culture in Films)
- Distortions of Reality – mislead audiences about historic facts.
• It is extended even to non-fictional movies
• D.W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915)- it glorified Ku Klux Klan
- Violence – viewers imitate what they see in movies
• Scorsese’s Taxi Driver accordingly inspired the attack on Pres. Reagan.
• Disney’s The Program recalled all prints to delete scenes.
- Stereotyping – has treated a large number of female characters as bubble-headed. However, these films accorded their heroines more respect than films made in the supposedly liberated 1960s and 1970s.
Wednesday, September 10, 2008
Tutorial 3
Tutorial 3 for MCS will be from 9 - 10, Thursdays, LHH.
For 11Sept., we will only meet for one hour. The previously agreed two hours (intentionally the first hour is for removal) will not be followed.
See you tomorrow, 9-10am.
For 11Sept., we will only meet for one hour. The previously agreed two hours (intentionally the first hour is for removal) will not be followed.
See you tomorrow, 9-10am.
Sunday, September 7, 2008
T3 Sked
The new sked for Tutorial 3 is Thursday, 9 - 10am. The Venue is still prepared by the program leader and it will be posted as soon as possible.
Sked for T1 and T2 remain the same. T1 is 2-3pm at R105 and T2 is 3-4 at P2.
Take heed of your sked.
Sked for T1 and T2 remain the same. T1 is 2-3pm at R105 and T2 is 3-4 at P2.
Take heed of your sked.
Updated Lecture 3 - Ideology and Race
Ideology and RaceIdeology and Race (Reference Book: O'Shaughnessy and Stadler)
n In its simplest form ; the articulation, voicing or putting forward of a point of view
n Usually part of an exchange of ideas
n It is therefore a social process of constructing meaning
n Definition; collective discussion or interplay of meanings and ideas surrounding a particular subject
n Foucault’s theory of discourse:
n Societies tend to bring together a range of voices, ideas and beliefs into overall discourses that offer ways of understanding the world (Fiske, 1987)
n Uses to examine how societies understand and make sense of sexuality, madness and criminality
n For Foucault, discourses are always linked to disciplinary power, they are a means of organising social control
n COMMON SENSE DEFINITION (O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
IDEOLOGY - IS A SET OF DELIBERATELY FORMULATED, COHERENT, RATIONAL, USUALLY POLITICL IDEAS THAT IS USED AS A WAY OF DEFINING AND UNDERSTANDING HOW SOCIETY CAN BE ORGANIZED.
n MORE USEFUL DEFINITION
IDEOLOGY IS A SET OF SOCIAL VALUES, BELIEFS, FEELINGS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS BY WHICH PEOPLE COLLECTIVELY MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD THEY LIVE IN.
n Mass media play a vital role in communicating and reinforcing DOMINANT ideologies
Ideologies are often not consciously thought out
n It becomes part of our “common sense”
n It is reinforcing power relations and social structures
DOMINANT IDEOLOGY(O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
n EACH SOCIETY HAS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY SHARED BY MAJORITY OF PEOPLE. (Althuser )
n DOMINANT IN NUMERICAL TERMS
n DOMINANT IN THE SENSE THAT IT TENDS TO SUPPORT THE INTERESTS OF THE DOMINANT, RULING GROUPS.
MECHANISMS OF IDEOLOGY(Althusser, 1977 in O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
n REPRESSIVE STATE APPARATUSES (RSAs)
n – FORCE PEOPLE TO CONFORM TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY.
n - USED DELIBERATELY, TO CONTROL, PUNISH, AND COERCE PEOPLE WHO ATTEMPT TO CHALLENGE THE SYSTEM.
n IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES (ISAs)
n - WORK MORE LIKE HYNOPSIS, CONVINCING PEOPLE OR WINNING THEIR CONSENT TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY
n THE CHURCH, THE FAMILY, THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, THE MEDIA
Where do we find ideologies?
n 1) In language, texts and representations
n 2) Ideologies in material institutions and in our methodologies and practices.
3) In our heads and hearts
Race
n The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of dividing humans into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of characteristics
(American Association of Physical Anthropologists).
n The most widely used human racial categories are based on visible traits, and self-identification.
(Michael Bamshad and Steve Olson
n "Pure races do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past." (AAPA)
Racialization
n A form of exclusionary practice
n It is dialectical process of signification to make sense of two meanings: Self and Others.
Racism
n Presumes the existence of decisions and processes which discriminate among people and also the existence of scarcity
n Racism functions as an ideology of inclusion and exclusion
The significance of colour both includes and excludes in the process of sorting people into resulting categories
n But at the same time it also appears as a less logical assembly of stereotypes, images, attributions and explanations which are constructed and employed to negotiate everyday life
Tutorial Guide Topics
n Be able to explain the concepts: ideology, discourse, race
n In what ways do media play its role in communicating and reinforcing ideologies.
n What are your criticism of people who tend to be racists.
n In its simplest form ; the articulation, voicing or putting forward of a point of view
n Usually part of an exchange of ideas
n It is therefore a social process of constructing meaning
n Definition; collective discussion or interplay of meanings and ideas surrounding a particular subject
n Foucault’s theory of discourse:
n Societies tend to bring together a range of voices, ideas and beliefs into overall discourses that offer ways of understanding the world (Fiske, 1987)
n Uses to examine how societies understand and make sense of sexuality, madness and criminality
n For Foucault, discourses are always linked to disciplinary power, they are a means of organising social control
n COMMON SENSE DEFINITION Ideology and Race
n In its simplest form ; the articulation, voicing or putting forward of a point of view
n Usually part of an exchange of ideas
n It is therefore a social process of constructing meaning
n Definition; collective discussion or interplay of meanings and ideas surrounding a particular subject
n Foucault’s theory of discourse:
n Societies tend to bring together a range of voices, ideas and beliefs into overall discourses that offer ways of understanding the world (Fiske, 1987)
n Uses to examine how societies understand and make sense of sexuality, madness and criminality
n For Foucault, discourses are always linked to disciplinary power, they are a means of organising social control
n COMMON SENSE DEFINITION (O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
IDEOLOGY - IS A SET OF DELIBERATELY FORMULATED, COHERENT, RATIONAL, USUALLY POLITICL IDEAS THAT IS USED AS A WAY OF DEFINING AND UNDERSTANDING HOW SOCIETY CAN BE ORGANIZED.
n MORE USEFUL DEFINITION
IDEOLOGY IS A SET OF SOCIAL VALUES, BELIEFS, FEELINGS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS BY WHICH PEOPLE COLLECTIVELY MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD THEY LIVE IN.
n Mass media play a vital role in communicating and reinforcing DOMINANT ideologies
Ideologies are often not consciously thought out
n It becomes part of our “common sense”
n It is reinforcing power relations and social structures
DOMINANT IDEOLOGY(O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
n EACH SOCIETY HAS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY SHARED BY MAJORITY OF PEOPLE. (Althuser )
n DOMINANT IN NUMERICAL TERMS
n DOMINANT IN THE SENSE THAT IT TENDS TO SUPPORT THE INTERESTS OF THE DOMINANT, RULING GROUPS.
MECHANISMS OF IDEOLOGY(Althusser, 1977 in O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
n REPRESSIVE STATE APPARATUSES (RSAs)
n – FORCE PEOPLE TO CONFORM TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY.
n - USED DELIBERATELY, TO CONTROL, PUNISH, AND COERCE PEOPLE WHO ATTEMPT TO CHALLENGE THE SYSTEM.
n IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES (ISAs)
n - WORK MORE LIKE HYNOPSIS, CONVINCING PEOPLE OR WINNING THEIR CONSENT TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY
n THE CHURCH, THE FAMILY, THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, THE MEDIA
Where do we find ideologies?
n 1) In language, texts and representations
n 2) Ideologies in material institutions and in our methodologies and practices.
3) In our heads and hearts
Race
n The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of dividing humans into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of characteristics
(American Association of Physical Anthropologists).
n The most widely used human racial categories are based on visible traits, and self-identification.
(Michael Bamshad and Steve Olson
n "Pure races do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past." (AAPA)
Racialization
n A form of exclusionary practice
n It is dialectical process of signification to make sense of two meanings: Self and Others.
Racism
n Presumes the existence of decisions and processes which discriminate among people and also the existence of scarcity
n Racism functions as an ideology of inclusion and exclusion
The significance of colour both includes and excludes in the process of sorting people into resulting categories
n But at the same time it also appears as a less logical assembly of stereotypes, images, attributions and explanations which are constructed and employed to negotiate everyday life
Tutorial Guide Topics
n Be able to explain the concepts: ideology, discourse, race
n In what ways do media play its role in communicating and reinforcing ideologies.
n What are your criticism of people who tend to be racists.
IDEOLOGY - IS A SET OF DELIBERATELY FORMULATED, COHERENT, RATIONAL, USUALLY POLITICL IDEAS THAT IS USED AS A WAY OF DEFINING AND UNDERSTANDING HOW SOCIETY CAN BE ORGANIZED.
n MORE USEFUL DEFINITION
IDEOLOGY IS A SET OF SOCIAL VALUES, BELIEFS, FEELINGS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS BY WHICH PEOPLE COLLECTIVELY MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD THEY LIVE IN.
n Mass media play a vital role in communicating and reinforcing DOMINANT ideologies
Ideologies are often not consciously thought out
n It becomes part of our “common sense”
n It is reinforcing power relations and social structures
DOMINANT IDEOLOGY(O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
n EACH SOCIETY HAS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY SHARED BY MAJORITY OF PEOPLE. (Althuser )
n DOMINANT IN NUMERICAL TERMS
n DOMINANT IN THE SENSE THAT IT TENDS TO SUPPORT THE INTERESTS OF THE DOMINANT, RULING GROUPS.
MECHANISMS OF IDEOLOGY(Althusser, 1977 in O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
n REPRESSIVE STATE APPARATUSES (RSAs)
n – FORCE PEOPLE TO CONFORM TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY.
n - USED DELIBERATELY, TO CONTROL, PUNISH, AND COERCE PEOPLE WHO ATTEMPT TO CHALLENGE THE SYSTEM.
n IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES (ISAs)
n - WORK MORE LIKE HYNOPSIS, CONVINCING PEOPLE OR WINNING THEIR CONSENT TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY
n THE CHURCH, THE FAMILY, THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, THE MEDIA
Where do we find ideologies?
n 1) In language, texts and representations
n 2) Ideologies in material institutions and in our methodologies and practices.
3) In our heads and hearts
Race
n The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of dividing humans into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of characteristics
(American Association of Physical Anthropologists).
n The most widely used human racial categories are based on visible traits, and self-identification.
(Michael Bamshad and Steve Olson
n "Pure races do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past." (AAPA)
Racialization
n A form of exclusionary practice
n It is dialectical process of signification to make sense of two meanings: Self and Others.
Racism
n Presumes the existence of decisions and processes which discriminate among people and also the existence of scarcity
n Racism functions as an ideology of inclusion and exclusion
The significance of colour both includes and excludes in the process of sorting people into resulting categories
n But at the same time it also appears as a less logical assembly of stereotypes, images, attributions and explanations which are constructed and employed to negotiate everyday life
Tutorial Guide Topics
n Be able to explain the concepts: ideology, discourse, race
n In what ways do media play its role in communicating and reinforcing ideologies.
n What are your criticism of people who tend to be racists.
n In its simplest form ; the articulation, voicing or putting forward of a point of view
n Usually part of an exchange of ideas
n It is therefore a social process of constructing meaning
n Definition; collective discussion or interplay of meanings and ideas surrounding a particular subject
n Foucault’s theory of discourse:
n Societies tend to bring together a range of voices, ideas and beliefs into overall discourses that offer ways of understanding the world (Fiske, 1987)
n Uses to examine how societies understand and make sense of sexuality, madness and criminality
n For Foucault, discourses are always linked to disciplinary power, they are a means of organising social control
n COMMON SENSE DEFINITION (O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
IDEOLOGY - IS A SET OF DELIBERATELY FORMULATED, COHERENT, RATIONAL, USUALLY POLITICL IDEAS THAT IS USED AS A WAY OF DEFINING AND UNDERSTANDING HOW SOCIETY CAN BE ORGANIZED.
n MORE USEFUL DEFINITION
IDEOLOGY IS A SET OF SOCIAL VALUES, BELIEFS, FEELINGS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS BY WHICH PEOPLE COLLECTIVELY MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD THEY LIVE IN.
n Mass media play a vital role in communicating and reinforcing DOMINANT ideologies
Ideologies are often not consciously thought out
n It becomes part of our “common sense”
n It is reinforcing power relations and social structures
DOMINANT IDEOLOGY(O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
n EACH SOCIETY HAS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY SHARED BY MAJORITY OF PEOPLE. (Althuser )
n DOMINANT IN NUMERICAL TERMS
n DOMINANT IN THE SENSE THAT IT TENDS TO SUPPORT THE INTERESTS OF THE DOMINANT, RULING GROUPS.
MECHANISMS OF IDEOLOGY(Althusser, 1977 in O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
n REPRESSIVE STATE APPARATUSES (RSAs)
n – FORCE PEOPLE TO CONFORM TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY.
n - USED DELIBERATELY, TO CONTROL, PUNISH, AND COERCE PEOPLE WHO ATTEMPT TO CHALLENGE THE SYSTEM.
n IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES (ISAs)
n - WORK MORE LIKE HYNOPSIS, CONVINCING PEOPLE OR WINNING THEIR CONSENT TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY
n THE CHURCH, THE FAMILY, THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, THE MEDIA
Where do we find ideologies?
n 1) In language, texts and representations
n 2) Ideologies in material institutions and in our methodologies and practices.
3) In our heads and hearts
Race
n The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of dividing humans into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of characteristics
(American Association of Physical Anthropologists).
n The most widely used human racial categories are based on visible traits, and self-identification.
(Michael Bamshad and Steve Olson
n "Pure races do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past." (AAPA)
Racialization
n A form of exclusionary practice
n It is dialectical process of signification to make sense of two meanings: Self and Others.
Racism
n Presumes the existence of decisions and processes which discriminate among people and also the existence of scarcity
n Racism functions as an ideology of inclusion and exclusion
The significance of colour both includes and excludes in the process of sorting people into resulting categories
n But at the same time it also appears as a less logical assembly of stereotypes, images, attributions and explanations which are constructed and employed to negotiate everyday life
Tutorial Guide Topics
n Be able to explain the concepts: ideology, discourse, race
n In what ways do media play its role in communicating and reinforcing ideologies.
n What are your criticism of people who tend to be racists.
n In its simplest form ; the articulation, voicing or putting forward of a point of view
n Usually part of an exchange of ideas
n It is therefore a social process of constructing meaning
n Definition; collective discussion or interplay of meanings and ideas surrounding a particular subject
n Foucault’s theory of discourse:
n Societies tend to bring together a range of voices, ideas and beliefs into overall discourses that offer ways of understanding the world (Fiske, 1987)
n Uses to examine how societies understand and make sense of sexuality, madness and criminality
n For Foucault, discourses are always linked to disciplinary power, they are a means of organising social control
n COMMON SENSE DEFINITION Ideology and Race
n In its simplest form ; the articulation, voicing or putting forward of a point of view
n Usually part of an exchange of ideas
n It is therefore a social process of constructing meaning
n Definition; collective discussion or interplay of meanings and ideas surrounding a particular subject
n Foucault’s theory of discourse:
n Societies tend to bring together a range of voices, ideas and beliefs into overall discourses that offer ways of understanding the world (Fiske, 1987)
n Uses to examine how societies understand and make sense of sexuality, madness and criminality
n For Foucault, discourses are always linked to disciplinary power, they are a means of organising social control
n COMMON SENSE DEFINITION (O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
IDEOLOGY - IS A SET OF DELIBERATELY FORMULATED, COHERENT, RATIONAL, USUALLY POLITICL IDEAS THAT IS USED AS A WAY OF DEFINING AND UNDERSTANDING HOW SOCIETY CAN BE ORGANIZED.
n MORE USEFUL DEFINITION
IDEOLOGY IS A SET OF SOCIAL VALUES, BELIEFS, FEELINGS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS BY WHICH PEOPLE COLLECTIVELY MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD THEY LIVE IN.
n Mass media play a vital role in communicating and reinforcing DOMINANT ideologies
Ideologies are often not consciously thought out
n It becomes part of our “common sense”
n It is reinforcing power relations and social structures
DOMINANT IDEOLOGY(O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
n EACH SOCIETY HAS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY SHARED BY MAJORITY OF PEOPLE. (Althuser )
n DOMINANT IN NUMERICAL TERMS
n DOMINANT IN THE SENSE THAT IT TENDS TO SUPPORT THE INTERESTS OF THE DOMINANT, RULING GROUPS.
MECHANISMS OF IDEOLOGY(Althusser, 1977 in O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
n REPRESSIVE STATE APPARATUSES (RSAs)
n – FORCE PEOPLE TO CONFORM TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY.
n - USED DELIBERATELY, TO CONTROL, PUNISH, AND COERCE PEOPLE WHO ATTEMPT TO CHALLENGE THE SYSTEM.
n IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES (ISAs)
n - WORK MORE LIKE HYNOPSIS, CONVINCING PEOPLE OR WINNING THEIR CONSENT TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY
n THE CHURCH, THE FAMILY, THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, THE MEDIA
Where do we find ideologies?
n 1) In language, texts and representations
n 2) Ideologies in material institutions and in our methodologies and practices.
3) In our heads and hearts
Race
n The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of dividing humans into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of characteristics
(American Association of Physical Anthropologists).
n The most widely used human racial categories are based on visible traits, and self-identification.
(Michael Bamshad and Steve Olson
n "Pure races do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past." (AAPA)
Racialization
n A form of exclusionary practice
n It is dialectical process of signification to make sense of two meanings: Self and Others.
Racism
n Presumes the existence of decisions and processes which discriminate among people and also the existence of scarcity
n Racism functions as an ideology of inclusion and exclusion
The significance of colour both includes and excludes in the process of sorting people into resulting categories
n But at the same time it also appears as a less logical assembly of stereotypes, images, attributions and explanations which are constructed and employed to negotiate everyday life
Tutorial Guide Topics
n Be able to explain the concepts: ideology, discourse, race
n In what ways do media play its role in communicating and reinforcing ideologies.
n What are your criticism of people who tend to be racists.
IDEOLOGY - IS A SET OF DELIBERATELY FORMULATED, COHERENT, RATIONAL, USUALLY POLITICL IDEAS THAT IS USED AS A WAY OF DEFINING AND UNDERSTANDING HOW SOCIETY CAN BE ORGANIZED.
n MORE USEFUL DEFINITION
IDEOLOGY IS A SET OF SOCIAL VALUES, BELIEFS, FEELINGS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS BY WHICH PEOPLE COLLECTIVELY MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD THEY LIVE IN.
n Mass media play a vital role in communicating and reinforcing DOMINANT ideologies
Ideologies are often not consciously thought out
n It becomes part of our “common sense”
n It is reinforcing power relations and social structures
DOMINANT IDEOLOGY(O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
n EACH SOCIETY HAS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY SHARED BY MAJORITY OF PEOPLE. (Althuser )
n DOMINANT IN NUMERICAL TERMS
n DOMINANT IN THE SENSE THAT IT TENDS TO SUPPORT THE INTERESTS OF THE DOMINANT, RULING GROUPS.
MECHANISMS OF IDEOLOGY(Althusser, 1977 in O’Shaughnessy and Stadler)
n REPRESSIVE STATE APPARATUSES (RSAs)
n – FORCE PEOPLE TO CONFORM TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY.
n - USED DELIBERATELY, TO CONTROL, PUNISH, AND COERCE PEOPLE WHO ATTEMPT TO CHALLENGE THE SYSTEM.
n IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES (ISAs)
n - WORK MORE LIKE HYNOPSIS, CONVINCING PEOPLE OR WINNING THEIR CONSENT TO THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY
n THE CHURCH, THE FAMILY, THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, THE MEDIA
Where do we find ideologies?
n 1) In language, texts and representations
n 2) Ideologies in material institutions and in our methodologies and practices.
3) In our heads and hearts
Race
n The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of dividing humans into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of characteristics
(American Association of Physical Anthropologists).
n The most widely used human racial categories are based on visible traits, and self-identification.
(Michael Bamshad and Steve Olson
n "Pure races do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past." (AAPA)
Racialization
n A form of exclusionary practice
n It is dialectical process of signification to make sense of two meanings: Self and Others.
Racism
n Presumes the existence of decisions and processes which discriminate among people and also the existence of scarcity
n Racism functions as an ideology of inclusion and exclusion
The significance of colour both includes and excludes in the process of sorting people into resulting categories
n But at the same time it also appears as a less logical assembly of stereotypes, images, attributions and explanations which are constructed and employed to negotiate everyday life
Tutorial Guide Topics
n Be able to explain the concepts: ideology, discourse, race
n In what ways do media play its role in communicating and reinforcing ideologies.
n What are your criticism of people who tend to be racists.
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